Optional Helmet Law Is a Disaster for Pennsylvania Essay -- Argumentat

Optional Helmet Law Is a Disaster for Pennsylvania1. September 4, 2003 was a sad day for Pennsylvanians. governor Rendell signed the new pedal helmet police into effect, sentencing riders to death and increasing the tax burden caused by this new law. Pennsylvania is the 31st state to repeal its all-rider helmet law (Berenson 2). The new law states no helmet is required for a person 21 years of age or older who has been licensed to operate a motorcycle for not less than 2 full calender sic years or has completed a motorcycle rider safety course approved by the Department of Transportation or the Motorcycle Safety Foundation (Lobel 3). This new helmet law has increased accident fatalities and the burden on taxpayers. 2. Motorcycle fatality order due to riding without a helmet are quickly rising. Nationally, motorcycle fatalities have increased 59 percent since 1997 (Motorcycle 1). Between September and December of 2003 in Pennsylvania, helmetless rider fatalities more than doubled, but fatalities decreased in riders wearing helmets (Wlazelek 1). Similarly, research done by the American Journal of Public Health found that motorcycle helmets seriously reduce the presence and severity of head injuries resulting from motorcycle accidents (Rowland 4). Obviously, there is strong correlation between helmet use and the number of fatal crashes. The research done crossways Pennsylvania in the years following the repeal of the all-rider helmet law suggests that helmets do in fact decrease the risk of serious head injuries and death among motorcyclists. correspond to Judith Stone, increased deaths were enough for Louisiana to reject helmetless riding and revert back to an all-rider helmet law. Louisiana saw a 100 per... ...aw Repeal Concerns Regions Hospitals. 17 June 2003. 4 October 2004. . Rowland, Jefferson, Frederick Rivara, Phillip Salzberg, and Robert Soderberg. Motorcycle helmet use and injury outcome and hospitalization costs from crashe s in Washington State. American Journal of Public Health 86.1 (1996) 41-42. Proquest (general). Penn Coll. Lib., Williamsport. 4 October 2004. . Stone, Judith Lee. excess Commendation to Louisiana Legislature and Governor Blanco For Reinstatement of Lifesaving All-rider Helmet Law. 18 June 2004. 4 October 2004. . Wlazelek, Ann, and John L. Micek. Optional helmet law effect unknown. 30 August 2004. 29 September 2004. .

No Magic in William Shakespeare’s Words Essay -- Biography Biographies

No Magic in Shakespeares WordsA good shape of fiction is greater than the sum of words the author invested in it. Shakespeare is a great playwright because his plays bear the load of much speculation and creativity from every last(predicate) its interpreters, not because he thought of every possible last detail and symbol and elucidated it clearly.The collaborative flexibility of a play is especially valuable to plays that dispense with the emphasis on originality and copyright that became more important to writing in the 18th century as authors like Coleridge and the other Romantics began to extol the virtues of imagination and personalised creativity. In Shakespeares time, ones work was not ones own. When a work was sold to a publisher, it belonged to the publisher to be modify and altered how he chose. When writing for a theatre, like Shakespeare, the play was fair game for anyone in the company to edit and fix. An croping company bought the play unspoiled as a publisher wo uld. Plays were also frequently written in teams for speed, since in the late 1580s and early 1590s when Shakespeare was starting out, the canon of side of meat drama was less than a decade old, all plays were premiere plays, with new ones being introduced every fortnight. Alterations were made constantly, as overworked actors added or transposed lines from others of the twenty roles they were performing at the same time, scenes were added to allow time for costume changes, or the censors required line or plot changes. The author, or one of the authors who each had written an act or parceled out scenes from the outlines play, or perhaps one of the actors or another playwright was on hand during the rehearsal process to make emendations to the play. The second half(prenominal) of Sha... ...This way, Shakespeare can remain our cultural hero, and what doesnt work need not be completely cut, but is understood as the detritus of the time finis in which he lived remaining in the work. Thus, it is not so much that Shakespeare appears as a part of Elizabethan civilisation, but rather that Elizabethan culture appears as a part of Shakespeare(Shepherd and Womack, 92). Theatre is collaborative in the extreme, and modern attitudes about authorship and originality cannot change that fact. Thus, it is not Shakespeare that preserves Shakespeares works as the English languages greatest works it is the people that continue to produce his plays. No matter how the work is performed, cut, altered, updated, this is what keeps Shakespeare alive. There is no magic in Shakespeares words that his readers did not bestow on it. We create or break a works greatness.

Schedules of Reinforcement Essay -- Behavior Management

The schedule of reinforcement has many vari sufficients, as well as many ways demeanour is reinforced. In order to completely create reinforcement schedule the person must understand the look that they craving to change. In my case, the behavior that I wish to change is eating habits. In this paper, I leave behind explore the different schedules of reinforcement and how each would work towards changing my behavior, as well as grow weight loss. My eating habits are very easy to explain, I eat when I am hungry which is not very often. This causes my body to store whatsoever nutrients I do take in, as well as any fat. This way of eating, in addition to medications I have and am taking defy it extremely hard to lose any weight. The first reinforcement schedule to explore is continuous interval reinforcement. The way this is done is by strengthening the behavior by rewards each time it occurs (Feldman, 2011). As Skinner hypothesized the rapid depletion of rewards, in Skinners case food pellets, can and should be taken for disposed(p) (Morgan, 2010). In my case, a continuous reinforcement of eating healthily would not be ideal because the reinforcement desired is weight loss. With continuously losing weight comes many health problems, especially if the drop is brisk. Another problem with continuously strengthening that behavior is the rewards themselves begin to mean little. The next reinforcement schedule the Skinner unquestionable is the partial reinforcement schedule, meaning behavior is strengthened with a reward only part of the time (Feldman, 2011). The partial schedule of reinforcement is further split up into four different categories, the fixed ratio, variable ratio, fixed interval, and variable interval. The fixed ratio schedule is where after... ...fore I have taken the steps outlined in this essay and made a change in my behavior by joining Weight Watchers. The final plus to weight loss is being able to fit into a wedding dress. At the current t ime, I am unable to fit into the dress I want, as they do not gift a size big enough to fit all of me. By following the fixed ratio and variable interval schedules of reinforcement I will be able to lose the weight in order to stay healthy and fit into my dress. Works CitedFeldman, R. (2011). Operant Conditioning. In Essentials of Understanding Psychology (9th, pp. 179-182). refreshful York, New York McGraw Hill Companies, Inc.Freedman, D. H. (2011). How to fix the obesity crisis. (Cover story). Scientific American, 304(2), 40-47.Morgan, D. L. (2010). SCHEDULES OF REINFORCEMENT AT 50 A RETROSPECTIVE APPRECIATION. Psychological Record, 60(1), 151-172.

Is it Literature? Essay -- Writing Storytelling Language Essays

Is it Literature?When close people consider how to tell a story, they think in terms of plot and constitution. While these are often the most visible aspects of a story, there is an underlying foundation of principles that support a well-told story. These principles could be compared to a house foundation. Without a solid foundation, the other effects of the house, its character and design, cannot be fully enjoyed. In the same fashion, the principles of storytelling are also mostly out of sight, but the effect of badly laid story foundation has effects just as damaging as a badly constructed housefoundation. The purpose of this essay is to lay out the principles, that well-constructed literature will contain, in a manner that they can be considered individually. The principles can also be understood as a unified piece of rationalism that offers an overview of what well constructed literature consists of, and how it is written. apprehension these principles should be able to help a reader to distinguish between well-constructed literature and what tries to pass as literature. Literature is a world where both character, every action, every element has meaning and purpose. This is what makes literature fundamentally different from life. Life offers features that dont necessarily develop a clear purpose, meaning or outcome events that stimulate emotional states that have no clear purpose or fulfillment or events that captivate the senses, but not in a meaningful, dramatic, or fulfilling way. substantial life, then, can be chaotic, or appear to lack a desirable purpose and meaning. For example, we dont marry the love of our life... or we do, and then things can go awfully wrong. Or the one we love is taken from us by a freak accident. Or we work hard but dont get the rewards we desire. Even worse, the rewards whitethorn go to someone who appears to be completely undeserving of the reward and honour weve worked to attain. So real life can be painful, unpred ictable, or even wildly rewarding, but in spite of our best-laid plans or efforts, we can never clearly predict the outcome of any action or actions. Most people, then, have a need for something that gives meaning and purpose to the events of life. This is what literature will do. However, the beautiful thing about literature is that it may do this, or it may do the charter opposite. It may leave issues or c... ...grew up there. We can readily internalise this story because it is about the universal human experience of self-realization. The plot, the movement of the story, is just a means to this end. Well-constructed literature, then, can be analysed by understanding these principles of storytelling. By exposing the reasons why we desire stories, and how well-constructed literature can meet these needs that we bring to it, I sought-after(a) to reveal what well-constructed literature will contain and how to identify it. During the colloquies, I struggled with a definition of hono rable literature. However, I came to the conclusion that well-constructed literature is not necessarily good literature, and vice versa. So, instead of trying to conclude what good literature is, I decided to tackle the idea of what well- constructed literature is. It is important to remain aware of the fact that good literature is many things to many people. Different people will try to reach a different type of fulfillment. In my opinion, it is impossible to justness or define good literature, one may only attempt to judge or define what well-constructed literature is, as I hope to have done here, in this essay, for you.

Grenada :: essays research papers

For a country as powerful as the United States, there comes a responsibility to nurture its allies, neighbors, and supremely itself. However, there are times when this sense of responsibility misleads the U.S. into using force that is excessive or unnecessary. We are walking a fine phone line of political laissez-faire and obligation to intervene, but add the element of a Lyndon Johnsons obsessive fear of the spread of Castro-style communism (Musicant 363), and consequently, we will find ourselves resurrecting submarine boat diplomacy and the Monroe Doctrine. Although under the veil of ensuring safety to our citizens, the invasion of Grenada is an example of where we overstepped our legal bounds, fabricated justifications and reacted without preparation, inconsiderate of the criticism which was definite to follow.A main engross of the United States was its 1,000 citizens on the island. Of these citizens, 600 were medical students at St. George University. Because of the politica l turmoil, the U.S. stated to its public that the students and citizens on Grenada were in danger. President Reagan also stated to the press that there was no way for our citizens to get off the island. However, the State Department had issued a formal note to Grenada asking about the safety of its citizen, to which the minister of external functions replied, The occupy of the United States citizens are in no way threatened by the present situation ... which the Ministry hastens to point out is a purely internal affair(Musicant 374). The Chancellor of the school, Charles Modica, was announcing that the students were in no danger, and that the school was expected to continue to have good relations with the Government (Weinberger 108). This display of good will coincided with the report Margaret Thatcher, Britians Prime Minister, received from the Deputy High Commissioner in Bridgetown, Barbados, who had visited Grenada, that the British citizens were safe and that the new regime w as cooperating in making arrangement for those who wished to leave(Thatcher 330). The same cooperation was being swirl to the U.S., contradicting the Presidents statement, which was made long after notification from Grenada that Americans were free to leave on regular or charter flights. Also clearly in contradiction was Lieutenant Colonel Oliver North report to the press stating that the airports were open for two hour even the day before the invasion (Speakes 161-162). There was no test that the student or citizens were in any danger, except during the invasion.

Grenada :: essays research papers

For a country as powerful as the get together States, there comes a responsibility to protect its allies, neighbors, and supremely itself. However, there be times when this sense of responsibility misleads the U.S. into using force that is excessive or unnecessary. We are walking a fine line of political laissez-faire and obligation to intervene, but add the element of a Lyndon Johnsons obsessive fear of the splay of Castro-style communism (Musicant 363), and consequently, we will find ourselves resurrecting gun boat diplomacy and the Monroe Doctrine. Although under the veil of ensuring safety device to our citizens, the invasion of Grenada is an example of where we overstepped our legal bounds, fabricated justifications and reacted with come forth preparation, inconsiderate of the disapproval which was definite to follow.A main concern of the United States was its 1,000 citizens on the island. Of these citizens, 600 were medical students at St. George University. Because of th e political turmoil, the U.S. stated to its public that the students and citizens on Grenada were in danger. President Reagan also stated to the press that there was no way for our citizens to get off the island. However, the State Department had issued a formal note to Grenada asking about the safety of its citizen, to which the minister of external affairs replied, The interest of the United States citizens are in no way threatened by the present situation ... which the Ministry hastens to point out is a purely internal affair(Musicant 374). The Chancellor of the school, Charles Modica, was announcing that the students were in no danger, and that the school was expected to continue to have good relations with the Government (Weinberger 108). This present of good will coincided with the report Margaret Thatcher, Britians Prime Minister, received from the Deputy High Commissioner in Bridgetown, Barbados, who had visited Grenada, that the British citizens were safe and that the ne w regime was cooperating in making arrangement for those who wished to leave(Thatcher 330). The same cooperation was being offer to the U.S., contradicting the Presidents statement, which was made long after notification from Grenada that Americans were free to leave on regular or charter flights. Also clearly in contradiction was Lieutenant Colonel Oliver North report to the press stating that the airports were open for two hour even the day onward the invasion (Speakes 161-162). There was no evidence that the student or citizens were in any danger, except during the invasion.

How the stimulus material was developed through the drama process

To begin our performances, and even before the groups had been finalised the class received 2 pieces from the t all(prenominal)er. The first was the general nonion of Time passing and the stand by was part of a poemGather ye rosebuds while ye mayOld time is still a-flyingAnd the same flower that smiles todayTomorrow will be dying. Robert HerrickWe began a curtly fit based on the stimuli of the poem. We set up mirror image scenerys. On each side of the scene there was a female, a male (who began despatch stage) along with an additional character that would try and approach the woman. In one scene the man decided to meet the woman and they went off happily until now the man on the other side waited too long and the additional character went on with the female. He did not take the opportunity and lost the woman.The second half of the lesson was spent discussing ideas for a Devised Drama piece. We, as a footlinger group, were given the stimulus of an article entitled How to build a time machine. This elicited serious discussion and developed onto ideas similar to films such as The Butterfly Effect and Groundhog Day along with films such as Final Destination from which we could take similar ideas. that, in later sessions we soured on ideas taken from this, but did decided to include reliving situations or death.A group member provided the next piece of stimulus. It was a var. by The Streets called The Irony of it All, in which there are two characters a young alcohol drinker and a cannabis smoker. The song portrays the alcohol drinker as yobbish and destructive slurring his words and not beingness able to come up with a competent argument besides iterate himself several times. The cannabis smoker was shown as being calm, level headed and smarter than the alcohol drinker. This brought up the argument Are drugs better than alcohol? It must be effected that there are good and bad points to everything and the group was eager that we show both sides of th e argument with possibly a middle ground of Either being good in moderation.The first scene created was based on this song. It was the after-effects of the night before. Set on a communal living space on a University campus, there was a couch, two chairs with a table and space to work on the floor. A drunken character, played by Jack, was crashed out on the couch and two other characters, played by Saimon and Luke, were at the table smoking cannabis. Two other characters entered together from one side of the stage and began teasing Jack for what had happened the night before. some other character, a class A drug addict, played by Kate entered and sat at the floor beginning to work. She complained to the others round the noisehowever they ignored her and she stormed out.The scene ended when Alice and I headed out to the lectures leaving the others to recuperate from their actions. The purpose of the scene was to compare the effects of each drug, and began the idea of separate group s for each drug. The second part of the scene was layered over the action of Jack, Saimon and Luke. In this scene Katie began an internal monologue. In which she detailed the unawarescomings of each person and the shortcomings of herself.As the play developed these scenes, these scenes were cut. However they were not cut completely, only transformed into similar scenes. The first scene was changed to the Saturday Night scene, with the comparison of Cannabis and Alcohol showing two groups of people separately doing stereotypical Saturday Night things, and confronting each other. The scene was intended to show the positives of marijuana as opposed to the negatives of alcohol. The second part of the scene formed the basis of what is now the Green Acres scene, revealing the short falls of each character, as they stand to their feet and admit to the group (i.e. The audience) what they have done, why, and what they are going to do about it.The final piece of stimulus was the photo of Ra chel Whitear, a heroin addict who was found kneeling in her room, clutching the needle in one hand. A photograph was taken of her in this position, and her parents decided to teach children about the effects of drugs by offering to show this picture and videos about Rachel to school children throughout the country. The image is very haunting and powerful, and we decided that we would display the picture in our heroin overdose scene. Originally the plan was for the character, played by Kate, to emulate the pose on the stage, whilst the picture of Rachel was projected on the white wall of the drama studio. However we felt that the use of a projector would seem out of place in a play that purposefully lacks props, set design and only uses a small amount of lighting. We also decided that this would require us to use the projector throughout the performance and we would run the risk of the technology failing.

Interracial Marriage Essay

Interracial sum occurs between two people from separate racial backgrounds. As a general none African Americans, Hispanics, and Asian Americans ar far less numerous than whites, and therefore have fewer opportunities to meet unriv on the wholeed other. Most sundry(a) marriages, therefore, involve whites, who constitute the majority of the population (Qian, 1999, p. 579).Throughout history racial marriage has not been recognized in the United States as a valid marriage. One theme that has been pervasive in U. S. history and literature and that has been accompanied by a 300-year-long tradition of legislation, jurisdiction, protest, and defiance is the deep occupation about, and the attempt to prohibit, contain, or deny, the presence of black-white racial sexual relations, assorted marriage, interracial descent, and other family relations across the powerful black-white divide (Sollors, 2000, p. 3). Interracial galluss have been scrutinized, judged, and looked discomfit upo n simply for loving nearlyone with a assorted skin color.In the not so distant past a complicated area specify only by the racial difference of bride and groom was designated where family founding was considered null and void, and children of interracially married couples were deemed illegitimate(Sollors, 2000, p. 3). In recent years the interracial couple has been more accepted by society. Despite this acceptance there is a number of issues interracial marriages face. Reviewing the structure of the interracial marriage will help us gain an registering of interracial marriage.While, in 1970, 0. 7 percent of all marriages in the continental United States were interracial, today 2 percent of all Americans unify outside their race The number of mixed-race births have grown 26 times faster than all U. S. births (Korgen, 1998, p. 1). Interracial couples have a variety of backgrounds and there is not a conclusive theory that suggests why people enter into interracial relationships. T he basic explanation for entering an interracial relationship is physical attraction and comfortableness. investigate has found Most biracial couples say that they became attracted to each other because of compatibility (Socha & Diggs, 1999, p. 150). Interracial couples and families expand over all socioeconomic classes. Unfortunately, most (interracial) couples have experienced some form of racial discrimination during their relationship(McNamara, Tempenis & Walton, 1999, p. 106). With the exception of racialism There has been very little written on the interracial family, and nothing regarding the interracial family contextualized in leisure time within the leisure literature.As the number of interracial marriages increases, it will become increasingly important to understand the needs of these families (Hibbler & Shinew, 2002). Culture throughout interracial families is dominating by each individual couple. In general, one of the major issues for interracial families is identi fying, preserving, and explaining the cultural heritage to their children(McNamara, Tempenis & Walton, 1999, p. 65). Studies have found that typically one culture has a stronger influence on the interracial couple.The culture with the stronger influence typically takes over in the household and that culture is more influential with the children involved in the interracial family. Our racial structure does not yet allow biracial Americans to choose freely between their two racial heritages (Korgen, 1998, p. 67). Interracial children often have a hard time identifying with their background. Typically, racially mixed children will be somewhat ambivalent towards their parents ethnic or racial backgrounds (McNamara, Tempenis & Walton, 1999, p. 66). Biracial children have an especially intemperate time identifying themselves as teenagers.As the child enters high school, where ones identity begins to take a particular shape dating begins, it is easy to believe how difficulties can develo p for biracial children. Since their physical appearance is different, and their families are considered unusual, many peer groups reject them (McNamara, Tempenis & Walton, 1999, p. 66). A substantial historical literature base suggests that interracial marriage may have a number of negative effects on the couples and their children. Among the suggested negative effects are anxiety, insecurity, guilt, anger, depression, and identity conflicts.On the rare occasion that biracial people and/or interracial couples are asked about their social reality, they often report that the psychological and sociological problems that they face are manifestations of racialism and boilersuit societal pressure. This suggests that, perhaps the broader concern is not the issues affecting those involved in interracial relationships, but rather the societal issue of race and the possessive investment in whiteness(Hibbler & Shinew, 2002). Biracial children typically identify themselves with one race and p ortray those characteristics.Biracial Americans who appear white are often judged by different standards than darker mixed-race individuals when they face the racial litmus test. Those who appear white are assumed to be white by those in the larger society who are incognizant of their heritage (Korgen, 1998, p. 64). The biggest issues interracial couples and children deal with are racism and egotism identity. There are several coping mechanisms for interracial families deal with when experiencing racism or self identity including ignoring it, dismiss it, and normalize it, awareness, hiding, support groups, and using humor to cope with negative reactions of others.Ignoring and dismissing racism are very similar concepts. People have verbalize that sometimes they feel they should say something in return to a racist comment but choose to ignore or dismiss it to avoid conflict. Normalizing racism occurs when people accept that they will be singled out because they are an interracial c ouple. An interracially married woman Sydney Mead has this to say (about interracial marriage and portrayed racism) We are just ordinary people, an ordinary married couple and go through the same things that everybody else goes through.We have our problems you know, up and down, up and down (McNamara, Tempenis & Walton, 1999, p. 111). Awareness is when interracial couples are able to minimize the likelihood of encountering problems, or diminishing their impact, by being very aware of their surroundings and the places they frequent. Many feel they can significantly edit out the type and frequency of problems by simply avoiding some places and spending more time at others (McNamara, Tempenis & Walton, 1999, p. 111).Hiding is when couples withdrawal from social interaction to avoid racism or judgment. Support groups are an excellent resource for interracial couples who have estranged family and need to build a social network of support. Humor is another coping mechanism. Many couples have learned to laugh about the interactions they have as an interracial couple. Laughter and making jokes often helps to ease the pain of racism and make light of situations (McNamara, Tempenis & Walton, 1999).While it is true that interracial marriage has changed in the eyes of society in recent years, A great deal of misinformation exists concerning interracial couples. (McNamara, Tempenis & Walton, 1999, p. 3). The recent increase in interracial marriage is seen as a positive change in race relations and a decline in racism. It also indicates that racial distances have declined between whites and racial minorities because of the increase in interracial marriages with whites for all racial minorities (Qian, 1999, p. 579).The acceptance of interracial marriage and the decline in racism is a great achievement for society. This is true but there are still powerful forces in society that make interracial marriage difficult, unappealing to people who might be looking for a partner, or otherwise unlikely (Socha & Diggs, 1999, p. 150). Although there has been much progress and acceptance with the concept of interracial marriages in society there is much more work and progress that needs to be completed. More research needs to be conducted to fully understand the cultural influences interracial families have.Overall, more attention is needed for ethnic culture, especially in the family colloquy classroom. This general inattention can be attributed, in part, to family communication scholars and educators viewing their work from a Eurocentric perspective, which, similar to Eurocentrism in everyday life, leads to a general neglect of ethnic culture by assuming that all families are similar to those of the dominant group (i. e. , European Americans) and/or minimizing those who are different from the dominant group (Socha & Diggs, 1999, p.210).ReferencesHibbler, D. K. , & Shinew, K. J. (2002). Interracial Couples Experience of Leisure A friendly Network Approach. Jour nal of Leisure Research, 34(2), 135+. Retrieved April 11, 2007, from Questia database http//www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=o&d=5000783247 Korgen, K. O. (1998). From Black to Biracial Transforming Racial Identity among Americans. Westport, CT Praeger Publishers. Retrieved April 11, 2007, from Questia database http//www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=o&d=9959531

Oriental Food as the Cultural Other Essay

In Coco Fuscos The former(a) tarradiddle of Inter h feasthen Performance, he promotes the idea that racial difference is absolutely fundamental to aesthetic interpretation while giving an explanation of how western civilization has viewed the cultural Othermeaning, the so-called primitive good deal often stereotyped as savage and lacking in discipline, civilization and industry (Fusco). From the western sandwich perspective, oriental nutriment is considered as the Other. The Ameri seat staple typically consists of processed foods that be readily available such as pizza and burgers.These Western dishes can be found in almost all major cities and towns of the United States which have created a cultural appetite for boththing that is ready for consumption. Oriental food, on the other hand, is viewed mostly as an alter primaeval, albeit oftentimes costly, for the average Westerner (Counihan, p. 58). As with most Asian meals, the principle is to cook food from the freshest ingredi ents available. Typical vegetable dishes argon nimble utilise vegetables that are picked fresh whereas seafood meals are cooked using the freshest search and seashells for instance.Every food is prepared carefully regardless of the duration of the process, thereby creating the impression that each(prenominal) serving of Oriental food is a handiwork, so to speak, that can hardly be rivalled by fast food chains. Although there is hardly any single ingredient that unifies all the rest of the Oriental culinary arts, there are similarities that can be pointed out. For instance, the Tom Yum soup of Thailand, a taste of hot and sour flavours using aromatic herbs, is a mix of spices and leaves of plants that are abundant in the country.As for the more general Thai cuisine, dishes are basically hot and spicy and are prepared using a balance of its five describe flavours salty, sweet, sour, spicy and the optional bitter flavour. Fresh herbs and spices are preferred over dried ones whi ch is perhaps one reason why Thai dishes have that discrete taste. In addition to these single whole dishes, rice is also served as part of each meal with the inclusion of fish sauce such as nam pla and other complementary dishes. Nipponese meals are another example of Oriental cuisine.Perhaps the most fundamental and unique characteristic of most Japanese meals is that each dish is served using raw ingredients. For instance, the popular Japanese food sashimi is raw seafood coupled with a dipping sauce. Aside from seafood, meat can also be prepared raw in Japanese meals such as Basashi, a raw horse meat delicacy. Sushi is also one of the more popular dishes in Japanese cuisine. It basically includes vegetable, meat and fish which can be rolled inside dried sheets of seaweed or placed over a bowl of rice. Filipino cuisine as an example of Oriental dishes also includes rice as part of the whole course of every meal.However, most Filipino dishes are prepared using the milk from coconu ts and the sauce from tomatoes. Examples of these dishes are kaldereta (goat in tomato stew), afritada (beef or pork simmered in thick tomato sauce) and ginataang manok (chicken in coconut milk). In a way, Philippine and Thai cuisines are similar in the sense that they off use of the ingredients that are naturally found in the surroundings and that these ingredients are harvested and cooked almost the equivalent day. There is the preference for everything fresh instead of dried spices, herbs and main ingredients.Fresh fish and meat is also preferred over frozen ones although the option to make use of the latter is available. More importantly, the techniques involved in preparing these Oriental dishes are unique in their own ways. The way Japanese sushi or sashimi is prepared is variant from the way Thai tom yum is prepared. And yet while there are differences, there are also semblances which seem to connect all these Oriental food. unconnected from the fact that most Oriental me als include rice as part of the course, these dishes also include spices and herbs which strengthen their flavours.Westerners who have travelled all the way to the easterly parts of Asia often encounter the strong aroma from Oriental dishes that are distinct from those of Western dishes. It is not surprising that most Americans, for instance, would rather depend on fast food restaurants for their meals. For concourse living busy lives in the dense urban areas of the United States, time is a precious commodity that should not be wasted in exchange for sumptuous meals in cosy Oriental restaurants. Moreover, Westerners barely have a full idea of how to prepare Oriental meals for themselves without hearty-educated skills or the help from other skilled individuals.The fellowship of preparing Oriental food is simply beyond the inherent or immediate environment of Westerners. The fact that not all ingredients for Oriental cuisines are readily available in Western societies adds to the seemingly inaccessible or at least hardly accessible temper of Oriental dishes for Westerners. In general, there are more reasons to believe that Westerners are more inclined to settle for what they have in their immediate surroundings than to nab things outside of their reach as far as cuisines are concerned.What does Oriental food mean? For the most part, Oriental food reflects the husbandry of Oriental people in many ways. The ingredients used in these dishes reflect the kind of environment that the people have in which they have no other choice scarce to survive. Every piece of vegetable or leaf of plants in each delicacy indicates the available and usually abundant resources in the peoples native land. In effect, the unique ingredients in Oriental dishes create the identity of these dishes that are distinct and entirely different from Western dishes.Moreover, the very presence of these ingredients easily helps in identifying what is Oriental from what is Western. From a Wes tern perspective, these Oriental dishes appear to be entirely different from the food delicacies which they are accustomed to, creating the impression that what is alien to their taste buds, so to speak, are any exotic or rare. By attributing these qualities of exoticness and rareness to Oriental dishes in a general manner, Westerners have showed the tendency to suffuse about of the ingredients founds in these dishes into their own meals.Moreover, Western societies have found ways to establish food chains that provide supposedly genuine Oriental dishes in their menus. In the United States, for instance, numerous restaurants serving Oriental meals have been put-up primarily for profit. Through the profit-seeking motives of business-minded individuals, Oriental dishes in Western markets have been characterized oftentimes as luxury delicacies or alternative dishes to the more predominant pizza, burgers and other Western meals. In contemporary times, the effect is that Oriental dishe s are stereotyped as the cultural Other when in terms of food.The ways in preparing Oriental dishes also reflect the behaviours of individuals and groups in these Oriental regions of Asia. They indicate a performance done in browse to create the distinct flavours and tastes of these dishes, the knowledge of which has been passed-on from one generation to another. The skills involved in preparing these dishes have been practiced and perfected through the generations of families that have continued the legacy of preparing Oriental food. For them, preparing these meals is nothing but an ordinary routine that has run short a part of their daily excerption.From the viewpoint of Westerners, Oriental dishes are rarely part of their daily survival or not at all. That is, they can continue with their lives even if they are not able to relish the taste of Oriental food. These meals that are foreign to Western societies are, in effect, taken for granted or are simply considered as alternati ve viands to their regular course of Western meals. That attitude reinforces the notion that any plate of Oriental dish is just another Other. It can be said that Western societies can only get as oddment to so-called authentic Oriental dishes by replicating them through food establishments.Whether consciously aware or not, Western societies are public outlets for contributing to the notion espoused by Fusco they reinforce the stereotype of the primitive and the Western ability to exert control over and extract knowledge from the primitive world (Fusco). Restaurants in Western societies that brag Oriental dishes are not simply established from almost everywhere in these societies without first studying these culinary delicacies. On the contrary, Westerners tend to extract knowledge from such primitive dishes as if Western meals are the bases for identifying a dish as whether a part of civilized world or otherwise.Like Fuscos public experimentone that sought to bring into strongiz ation the often disregarded observation that a substantial portion of the public believed that our fictional identities were real ones as though these beliefs have never been challenged and has sit firmly well in the collective consciousness of the peopleso-called Oriental restaurants in Western societies reinforce the many illusions about Oriental dishes and, more generally, Oriental culture. One of these illusions is the belief that there are Oriental dishes that do not fit well with the palate of Westerners.For instance, there are Oriental delicacies which make use of several animal organs which are rarely used for preparing Western meals. There are even insects that are part of the ordinary Oriental dishes. Westerners tend to develop an aversion towards Oriental dishes with these animal organs and become branded as either exotic or primitive. The larger consequence of such an aversion, apparently, is an aversion towards the people who take pride in preparing and eating such dish es (Smith, p. 486).Nevertheless, the fact that there are restaurants in Western societies that serve Oriental dishes signify that there are attempts to bring these dishes closer to Western societies even if such attempts are only alternative to the intent to profit. Moreover, a notable characteristic of Oriental restaurants situated in Western societies is that they slightly redefine the Oriental dishes that they serve in order to clear potential customers and maintain the patronage of the buying public. They add a Western touch, in a manner of speaking, to these foreign dishes.In consequence, Oriental dishes are given the impression that they are merely subjects of Western consumption and can be subject to change depending on the needs of the Western clients. To a received degree, it goes to show a form of cultural subjugation or assimilation that distorts the original nature not only of the dishes but also of the Oriental culture from a Western perspective. The dishes that are presented to the Western public are no longer faithful to the original dishes as they were in Oriental countries.Western societies become unknowingly unaware of the original nature of such dishes, thereby treating their false impressions of these Oriental dishes as the so-called Other. On a personal note, I can say that there is a great deal of knowledge that can be derived from studying Oriental dishes as they serve as windows into the cultural aspects of several Asian countries. An awareness of Oriental dishes in terms of their distinct ingredients and unique methods of preparation can help the Western perspective look beyond that false impression that veils the genuine.If we are able to comprehend a significant portion of the stories behind each of these Oriental dishes and the whole array of Oriental food in general, there is a chance that we can gain substantial cultural knowledge of what has been called as the Other (Mintz, p. 104). As the saying goes, you are what you eatif y ou know what the Other eats, it is likely that you get to know the Other.Works CitedCounihan, Carole M. Food Rules in the United States Individualism, Control, and Hierarchy. Anthropological Quarterly 65. 2 (1992) 55-66. Fusco, Coco. The Other History of Intercultural Performance. 1994. November 21 2008. . Mintz, Sidney W. , and Christine M. Du Bois. The Anthropology of Food and Eating. Annual Review of Anthropology 31 (2002) 99-119. Smith, Monica L. The Archaeology of Food Preference. American Anthropologist 108. 3 (2006) 480-93.

Corporation and all other organizational forms Essay

1-1. What is the most important rest mingled with a corporation and all other organizational forms? Owners of a corporation argon not liable for obligations the corporation enters into because a corporation is defined as a legal entity separate from its owners.1-2. What does the phrase express indebtedness mean in a corporate context? Limited indebtedness means that owners/investors argon solely liable for the amounts they invested in the company and owners/investors be not responsible for any debts, delinquent funds, or collections incurred by the company.1-3. Which organizational forms give their owners limited liability? Corporations give owners limited liability and limited partnerships give limited liability to the limited partners, not the general partners.1-4. What are the main advantages and disadvantages of organizing a firm as a corporation? The main advantages of an organization are they supply limited liability to the owners, greater liquidity and life span due to an unlimited number of potential owners investing funds into the firm. The main disadvantages of an organization are their double taxation of profits/dividends and the separation between ownership and control of the firm.1-5. Explain the difference between an S corporation and a C corporation. The difference between a C corporation and S corporation is a C corporation pays corporate income taxes on profits and then the profits are distributed to the owners, whom are responsible for paying income taxes on these payment. S corporations do not pay corporate taxes on profits, but they pass the entire tax liability onto the owners. The owners of an S corporation are limited to no more than 100 U.S. citizens.1-6. You are a shareholder in a C corporation. The corporation earns $2 pershare before taxes. Once it has paid taxes it will distribute the rest of its earnings to you as a dividend. The corporate tax rate is 40% and the person-to-person tax rate on (both dividend and non-dividend) i ncome is 30%. How much is left for you after all taxes are paid? Dividend available after corporate taxes $2 x (1-0.4) = $1.20 Dividend available after personal taxes $1.20 x (1-0.3) = $0.84 After taxes are paid, a dividend of $0.84 per share is available for distribution.1-7. Repeat Problem 6 assuming the corporation is an S corporation. Dividend available after corporate taxes $2, S corporations are not subject to corporate taxes. Dividend available after personal taxes $2 x (1-0.3) = $1.40 After taxes are paid, a dividend of $1.40 per share is available for distribution.2.8 In early 2009, General Electric (GE) had a book value of candour of $105 pointion, 10.5 billion shares outstanding, and a foodstuff price of $10.80 per share. GE also had cash of $48 billion, and total debt of $524 billion. Three years later, in early 2012, GE had a book value of equity of $116 billion, 10.6 billion shares outstanding with a commercialize price of $17 per share, cash of $84 billion, and to tal debt of $410 billion. Over this period, what was the change in GEs a. market capitalization? Market Value of Equity = Shares outstanding Market price per share 2009 10.5 billion shares x $10.80 per share = $113.4 billion 2012 10.6 billion shares x $17 per share = $180.2 billionThe change in market capitalization between 2009 and 2012 is $180.2 billion $113.4 billion = $66.8 billion. b. market-to-book ratio?2009 $113.4 / $105 = 1.08 2012 $180.2/ $116 = 1.55The change in market-to-book ratio between 2009 and 2012 is 1.55 1.08 = 0.47 c. first step value? Enterprise Value = Market Value of Equity + Debt Cash 2009 $113.4 + 524 48 = $589.4 billion2012 $180.2 + 410 84 = $506.2 billionThe change in enterprise value between 2009 and 2012 is $506.2 billion $589.4 billion = -$83.2 billion 2-11. Suppose that in 2013, Global launchesan aggressive marketing campaign that boosts sales by 15%. However, their operate margin falls from 5.57% to 4.50%. Suppose that they have no other inco me, interest expenses are unchanged, and taxes are the same percentage of pretax income as in 2012. a. What is Globals EBIT in 2013?2013 Revenues $186.7 zillion x 1.15 = $214.705 millionEBIT = $214.705 million x 0.045 = $9.66 millionb. What is Globals net income in 2013?Net income = EBIT Interest Expenses Taxes2013 Net income ($9.66 million $7.7 million) x (1-0.26) = $1.45 million c. If Globals P/E ratio and number of shares outstanding remains unchanged, what is Globals share price in 2013? 2013 P/E ratio 2012 share price/earnings per share = $14/$0.556 = 25.17 2013 EPS 2013 Net income/shares outstanding = $1.45 million/3.6 million shares = $0.403 2013 Share price = 25.17 x $0.403 = $10.14 per share2-24. Suppose your firm receives a $5 million order on the last day of the year. You fill the order with $2 million price of inventory. The customer picks up the entire order the same day and pays $1 million upfront in cash you also issue a bill for the customer to pay the remaining balance of $4 million in 30 days. Suppose your firms tax rate is 0% (i.e., shorten taxes). Determine the consequences of this transaction for each of the followinga. Revenues = Increase by $5 millionb. Earnings = Increase by $ 3 millionc. Receivables = Increase by 4 milliond. Inventory = Decrease by $2 millione. Cash = Increase by $1 million ($3 million earnings + $2 million inventory $4 million receivables)

Immanuel Kant Essay

HYPERLINK http//www. philosophypages. com/ph/kant. htm Immanuel Kant answers the point in the first sentence of the essay Enlightenment is mans emergence from his self-incurred immaturity. He argues that the immaturity is self-inflicted not from a lack of understanding, just from the lack of courage to use iodines reason, intellect, and wisdom without the guidance of another. He exclaims that the motto of enlightenment is Sapere aude Dargon to be wise The German word Unmundigkeit means not having attained age of majority or legal adulthood.Unmundig also means dep fetch upent or servile(prenominal), and another translation is tutelage or nonage (the condition of not being of age). Kant, whose moral philosophy is centred around the concept of autonomy, here distinguishes between a person who is adroitly autonomous and one who keeps him/herself in an intellectually heteronomous, i. e. dependent and immature status. Kant understands the majority of people to be content to follow t he guiding institutions of society, such as the Church and the Monarchy, and unable to throw off the yoke of their immaturity ascribable to a lack of resolution to be autonomous.It is difficult for individuals to work their look out of this immature, cowardly life because we are so uncomfortable with the idea of ventureing for ourselves. Kant says that even if we did throw off the spoon-fed dogma and formulas we have absorbed, we would still be stuck, because we have never cultivated our minds. The key to throwing off these chains of mental immaturity is reason. There is hope that the entire public could become a pull up of free withdrawing individuals if they are free to do so. Why? There will always be a few people, even among the institutional guardians, who think for themselves.They will help the rest of us to cultivate our minds. Kant shows himself a man of his times when he observes that a revolution may well put an end to autocratic despotism . . . or power-seeking op pression, but it will never produce a true reform in ways of thinking. The recently completed Ameri send packing Revolution had made a great impression in Europe Kant cautions that impudently prejudice will replace the old and become a new leash to dominate the great unthinking masses. Immanuel Kants Ideas on Science and Morality According to the 18th-century German thinker Immanuel Kant, no person may cause inherent wisdom about naturalism.This is best summarized in the philosophers famous expression, Thoughts without content are empty intuitions without data are blind. Indeed, Kant believes that in order for us to utilize our sensible intuition, we moldiness possess two stimuli, physical sensation and moral duty. The first of the two addresses a portion of Kantian thought cognise as empirical realism, a reasoning that defines that absolute reality as the entire universe in which all human beings dwell.Every time we beget external data from that absolute reality, our perc eption of it assumes a greater degree of accuracy. And what would be the optimal way of acquiring such data with only stripped-down if any contact with other persons perceptions (which are, like ours, inaccurate, only in different ways, since each human being possesses a unique arsenal of figures)? Scientific exploration is, therefore, the key to an ultimate comprehension of things-in-themselves. Kant was a fervent admirer of Newtonian thought and the Scientific Method, which permitted scientists to ascend to unprecedented heights in their understanding of and control over nature.The second stimulus to action, moral duty, provides the explanation for the purpose of all human actions toward the comprehension of the universe. This portion of Kants doctrine has been dubbed by the philosopher as occult idealism, since it establishes a framework outside the natural world upon which correct actions are based. Kant sees the ultimate virtues to be the attempts to reach three goals which are not yet engraft in reality, God, freedom, and the immortality of individuals. God, the Creator and Supreme Being of the universe, moldiness be fathomed, the right way interpreted, and obeyed in accordance with his true desires.Freedom, the individual liberty to act as one wishes and to grant all others this right, must be instituted through societal reforms and a development of ideology to understand the proper order that would establish such an atmosphere. And, at last, every human being must rise to possess the right to exist for an indefinite length of time that he may 1 / 3 obey the commandments of God and practice his freedoms. Kant states that all which is right and moral must be based upon those three principles.As such, Kant separates the scientific res publica (which describes what is) from the moral realm (which explains what ought to be), but he considers these two realms to go hand-in-hand ultimately advocating putting the scientific realm in service to moral one . Kant The Copernican Revolution in ism The philosophy of Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) is sometimes called the Copernican revolution of philosophy to emphasize its novelty and huge importance.Kant synthesized (brought together) rationalism and empiricism. After Kant, the old debate between rationalists and empiricists ended, and epistemology went in a new direction. After Kant, no discussion of reality or experience could take place without awareness of the role of the human mind in constructing reality and knowledge. Summary of Rationalism The paradigm rationalist philosophers are Plato (ancient) Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz (modern).Dont trust senses, since they sometimes deceive and since the knowledge they provide is inferior (because it changes). Reason alone(predicate) can provide knowledge. Math is the paradigm of real knowledge. There are innate ideas, e. g. , Platos Forms, or Descartes concepts of self, substance, and identity. The self is real and discernable through conte rminous intellectual intuition (cogito ergo sum).Moral feels are comfortably grounded in an objective standard external to self in God, or Forms. Kant says rationalists are bearing of right about (3) and (4) above wrong about (1) and (2). Kant would like (5) to be true. Summary of Empiricism The paradigm empiricist philosophers are Aristotle (ancient) Locke, Berkeley, Hume (modern). Senses are the primary, or only, source of knowledge of world. Psychological atomism. Mathematics deals only with relations of ideas (tautologies) gives no knowledge of world. No innate ideas (though Berkeley accepts Cartesian self).General or complex ideas are derived by induction from simple ones (conceptualism). Hume theres no immediate intellectual intuition of self. The concept of Self is not supported by sensations either. Hume no sensations support the notion of necessary connections between causes and effects, or the notion that the future will resemble the past. Hume is does not imply oug ht. Source of morality is feeling. Kant thinks empiricism is on the right chase re (1), sort of right re (2), wrong re (3), (4), (5), and (6). Summary of Kants Argument The epistemological debate between rationalism and empiricism is essentially about whether, or to what extent the senses contribute to knowledge.Both rationalism and empiricism take for granted that its possible for us to acquire knowledge of Reality, or how things really are, as opposed to how they come along to us. But both rationalism and empiricism overlook the fact that the human mind is limited it can experience and imagine only within certain constraints. These constraints are both synthetic and a priori. All our possible experience must conform to these SAPs. The SAPs include stead in space and time, causality, experiencing self, thing-ness, identity, and various mathematical notions.(Twentieth- century Gestalt psychologys attack on psychological atomism is based on Kants views. ) Therefore, we must disti nguish the world we experience, bounded by SAPs, and the world of things as they really are in themselves. Kant calls these two worlds the phenomenal (apparent) world versus the noumenal (real) world. Empiricism pretty oftentimes nails what it means to know something, once the SAPs are in place i. e. , within the phenomenal world, empiricism rules. The phenomenal world is a world of things, publicly observable, expressible by science, known to the senses, determined by physical laws.No God, no 2 / 3 freedom, no soul, no value exist in this world. If God, freedom, souls, and values exist, then they must be noumenal and unknowable by any ordinary means. Thus, according to Kant Both rationalism and empiricism are wrong when they claim that we can know things in themselves. Rationalists are wrong not to trust senses in the phenomenal world, senses are all we have. Rationalists are right about innate ideas, but not in Platos sense of Forms much more like Descartes in argument of the wa x. Hume is wrong when he claims the concept of self is unsupported by senses, and thus bogus.Rather, the experiencing self is a pre-condition for having any experience at all (Descartes was right). Hume is wrong when he says the notion that the future will resemble the past is due only to custom and habit. That notion is a SAP we couldnt have ordinary experience without it. Hume is wrong when he says the source of morality is feeling. Morality, properly understood, provides the key to linking the noumenal and phenomenal worlds. Kant argues that if morality is real, then human freedom is real, and therefore humans are not merely creatures of the phenomenal world (not merely things dependent to laws).Ramifications of Kants Views Kant revolutionized philosophy. Kant showed that the mind, through its innate categories, constructs our experience along certain lines (space, time, causality, self, etc. ). Thus, thinking and experiencing give no access to things as they really are. We can think as hard as we like, but we will never escape the innate constraints of our minds. Kant forced philosophy to look seriously at the world for the gene (what Kant calls the phenomenal world) independently of the real world outside consciousness the world in itself (the noumenal world).Ethics had long recognized the importance for moral evaluation of how things seem to the agent. But the ramifications of Kants noumenal-phenomenal distinction extend far beyond ethics. Philosophers like to take credit for all the big events in 19th century intellectual history as direct consequences of Kants philosophical legitimizing of the perspective of the subject Hegel and German idealism, Darwinism, Romanticism, pragmatism, Marxism, the triumph of utilitarianism, Nietzsche, and the establishment of psychology as a science, especially Gestalt psychology.Phenomena and NoumenaHaving seen Kants transcendental deduction of the categories as polished concepts of the understanding applicable a pr iori to every possible experience, we might naturally wish to ask the further question whether these regulative principles are really true. Are there substances? Does every event have a cause? Do all things interact? Given that we must suppose them in order to have any experience, do they obtain in the world itself? To these further questions, Kant firmly refused to offer any answer.According to Kant, it is springy always to distinguish between the distinct realms of phenomena and noumena. Phenomena are the appearances, which constitute the our experience noumena are the (presumed) things themselves, which constitute reality. All of our synthetic a priori judgments apply only to the phenomenal realm, not the noumenal. (It is only at this level, with respect to what we can experience, that we are justified in imposing the structure of our concepts onto the objects of our knowledge. ) Since the thing in itself (Ding an sich) would by definition be entirely independent of our experien ce of it, we are utterly ignorant of the noumenal realm.Thus, on Kants view, the most fundamental laws of nature, like the truths of mathematics, are knowable precisely because they call for no effort to describe the world as it really is but rather prescribe the structure of the world as we experience it. By applying the pure forms of sensible intuition and the pure concepts of the understanding, we achieve a systematic view of the phenomenal realm but learn nothing of the noumenal realm. Math and science are certainly true of the phenomena only metaphysics claims to instruct us about the noumena. POWERED BY TCPDF (WWW. TCPDF. ORG).

Discussing the importance of partnerships in a child care setting

A practicians job is not only to ensure the safety of the shaverren and to plan structured daylight to day activities but also to ensure that various interpreternerships and created within the child attending setting. Professional relationships are absolutely vital to the smooth running of an primordial years setting. beforehand(predicate) Years Foundation train 4, Unit 5 (Respecting each other) Professional relationships p bestride 69.Depending on the child care environment practitioners depose sue with one or two assistants depending on the age group and adult to child ratio. Maintaining a happy and trusted partnership within in a team in a classroom can wherefore benefit ways the classroom run and undertake various tasks together.Knowing your teams strengths and having trust in each other not only encourages mirror behaviour with children in the child care setting but allows practitioners and assistants to develop further in true or new skills. In order to build on you r relationship with others its important that you respect and value your birth strengths, skills and knowledge as well as recognising the contribution made by other. ahead of time Years Foundation Level 4 Unit 5 (Respecting each other) Professional relationships page 69.For some children then partnership they create with a practitioner could be one of the main interactions they have with an adult through the day. i.e. focusing on child who spend alot of eon with maids or nannys.Having good partnerships with collegues allows a practitioner to establish agood and effective working relationship to ensure that everyone works together as part of a team. This is to essentially benefit the children.As well as a good partnership with collegues adults need to interact well with children in the environment as well. Practitioners should fill children in decisions Ask them what they would like to do, listen to their ideas and incorporate as many of these ideas as possible into your daily r outine. Early Years Foundation Level 4 Unit 10 (Supporting every child) Working together page 127. Incorporating a childs ideas help build a partnership, loyalty and trust in the midst of them and the practitioner. By involving the children in all stages of planning you will ensure that they feel valued, that their opinions and ideas are relevant and, most importantly, you will ensure that the activities you provide are meaningful and interesting to the children. Early Years Foundation Level 4 Unit 10 (Supporting every child) Working together page 127.A practitioner will try and create a secure attatchment between them and the children. Even with all the observation no-one will know a child better than their own parents. Creating a bond with parents is essential upon the number 1 meeting. If a practitioner creates a relationship with a childs parents it can portray a sense of trust to the child. If parents have a positive attitude towards the practitioner, assistants and the ch ild care setting this can only be a positive for the child to observe and at that placefore for the child to possibly mirror.A secure attatchment is essential in any child care setting however a practitioner needs to be able to reassure parents/carers that although their child may have a secure attatchment to a member in the class or have a key person. Their child will still always be encourages to interact with friends, play independatly and generally become a member of the classroom as a whole. This is to ensure that parents dont start to panic that their child is becoming dependant on one key person.All children at any age specifically babies and early years children rely on the continuity of a special relationship between the practitioner and the child. They are the foundations of mental and physical development. Therefore practitioners should continuously ensure that every child feels loved, valued, cared for and thought about. A part of the role of the effective practitioner is to bring together their commitments of respect and working with parents as partners, in order to reinforce positive relationships with all the children in their care. Early Years Foundation Level 4 Unit 8 Key person ( Shared care) page 101.Working with a group of children and their parents its important to acknowledge that every family is unique. This could depend on numerous things i.e culture, language barrier, nationality a childs upbringing and their personal environment.Although practitioners may be experts in the field of childrens learning and development they must remember that parents are experts on their own child. (Unit 6, Repeating diversity, page 75)Effective communication is extremely essential in a child care setting with the children, the team of practitioners and also importantly the parents. Unfortunately there will be some things that parents miss out on when they entrust a practitioner to take care of their child. Its important to make them feel as involved i n any activity or achievement their child may have been involved in.When language barriers occur or not be in contact with a parent. A practitioner needs to find another way of relaying information.Many child care settings use weekly communication books to endure on important information, or even if the child may have received a sticker to attach that in the communication book. According to the age of the child this could allow for the child to explain their personal achievement thus making it that more personal.Although communication diaries have advantages, its important for a practitioner to find balance with written communication and talking face toface. Practitioners should try and retain any relationships they have with parents allowing them to feel a sense of comfort that you are malleable plus there as and when needed, for any type of discussion they may want to have, in case they have any questions or concerns. (REVISE)It is important for Early Years practitioners and p arents to both realise the importance of learning from one another. Each holds vital information, knowledge and expertise which, if shared can contribute to and enhance a childs learning and development. (Unit 6, learning together, page 82)Working with early years children a practitioner may not only work with assistants and parents / carers but practitioners may also work in partnership with other professionals.All children have various day to day home lives, its paramount to try and adopt any routine to a childs (child) care setting where possible, creating this continuity will promote a child to feel safe, valued and secure.

Personality Theories Essay

Individuality is expressed by means of unique behavior, also known as personality. Personality kindle be broken down into four perspectives, psychoanalytic, humanistic, social cognitive, and trait. Each perspective describes in detail what helps equalize and contrast someones to one another. Personality theories go into further detail from the perspective. Assessing personality has been around from divisions, yet it is exempt questioned whether it is reliable. psychoanalytic perspective describes the how the unconscious mind helps mold personality. According to Sigmund Freud, this perspective thrives from early childhood experiences. Psychoanalytic perspective is beyond ones control, because it derives from unspoken, unknown, and out of r somebodyly aspects of ones life. For example, if a instructor calls on a student, but or else of saying the students name she calls her own childs name. Freud would make do that the mother unconscious mind made her say her own childs name i nstead of the students. Maybe she was supposed to tell her child something or do something for that child. Michael, a 36 year old man, has a habit of chewing on pencils. Michaels father died when he was trine long time old, unbeknownst to him, his father had the same habit. Michael most likely picked up the habit from his father. Humanistic perspective is when an individual has domineering growth through self-aw beness or free will. Humanistic theorist, tend to focus on the subjects positive aspects and what motivates them, whether than looking solely on abnormal behaviors.Through humanistic perspective individuals are motivated to foregather a greater good. Social cognitive perspective is the opposite of psychoanalytical perspective, by being influenced through conscious thought. With social cognitive, particular feelings or thoughts alter how a person reacts to certain situations. Karen works for a company where the Vice President, is less than personable. Whenever Karen is called to the Vice Presidents office, she begins to feel worried. She does not make bosom contact and she speaks faintlywhen in the presence of the Vice President. On the other hand, the President of the company is a people-person. Every morning before he goes to his own office he speaks to everyone. When Karen is called to his office she laughs and jokes, and makes eye contact while engaging into conversation. These two examples show how Karens feelings towards the two managers decipher how she reacts to them. Trait perspective, involves describing ones individual attributes that make up their personality. For example push around is kind, funny, frugal, yet loud. These are all traits that describe Hectors personality. Theorist Cattells foc utilise on sixteen different traits that he believed should be used to indentify an individuals personality.Freuds psychosexual scheme, Jungs archetypes, and Horneys womb envy are three theories that have shaped our understanding of personalit y are. Freud, of course is the grandfather of psychology, especially personality theorizing. His psychosexual speculation is broken down into five acts of development oral, anal, phallic latency, and genital stage. According to Freud, an individual develops personality during each psychosexual stage. The personality begins from birth and the oral stage, where pleasure or mending from oral simulation. Anal fixation is during a childs toilet training stage, here is where a child learns control. The phallic stage is genital focused pleasure. This stage is where most children discover their genitals. Latency stage is where same-sex friendships develop and children mold identity. The final exam stage, genital is during puberty. In this stage sexuality is abundant. Freud felt that each stage had importance for healthy development. If an individual spent too much time in a specific stage, it could affect him/her later in life. While Freud focused primarily on the unconscious mind, Carl Jung believed that individuals consciously motivated themselves.Any unconscious activities instincts are called archetypes. These archetypes developed universally through hereditary, surroundings, past memories, etc. Freud, mainly studied men, many may reason out that his beliefs for women were inaccurate. One of the widely known individuals that questioned his understanding was Karen Horney. Freud believed that females developed penis envy during childhood, in which they wished they had a penises and nisus resentment towards their mothers. Horney resented Freuds belief of penis envy by focusing on womb envy. This theory focuses on malesfeeling inferiority at times because women can bear children.Assessing personality may search like a difficult task, yet there are two main categories used projective examination and self-report inventories. Projective screens are good when trying to determine an individuals current mindset. Many have argued that the test is not controlled enou gh to produce accurate responses. The Inkblot Test and Thematic Apperception Test are two of the normally known projective assessments. They both are used today, yet for more of a counseling technique. Self-report inventories are questionnaire-like test that allow the participant to select the best answer that pertains to them. The answers are then compared to standardized answers. Assessments benefit theorist because it allows them to easily evaluate subjects. Many question whether they can be considered an accurate depiction of personality, participants can easily falsify responses or the assessors could misinterpret them. Personality is what makes everyone unique. What motivates us to respond certain ways, or even if we are motivated altogether has been studied by many. Theorist ranged from believing that personality is predetermined either at birth or during infancy to personality being something that is formed throughout ones life. disregardless on when it is developed it is easy to say personality is the core of ones being?ReferencesCherry, K. (n.d.). Karen Horney Biography. psychological science Complete perish to Psychology for Students, Educators & Enthusiasts. Retrieved July 16, 2013, from http//psychology.about.com/od/profilesofmajorthinkers/p/bio_karenhorney.htm Cherry, K. (n.d.). Major Personality Perspectives. Psychology Complete Guide to Psychology for Students, Educators & Enthusiasts. Retrieved July 16, 2013, from http//psychology.about.com/od/theoriesofpersonality/a/personality-perspectives.htm Hockenbury, D. H., & Hockenbury, S. E. (2014). Discovering psychology (Sixth ed.). New York Worth Publishers.